In Bowen's theory, when family pathology is present, the individual is described as:

• A. Socially and individually disadvantaged
• B. Economically advantaged
• C. Unaffected
• D. Emotionally secure

Answer: (A)

In Bowen's family systems approach, problems arise from the dynamics of the family as a whole rather than from a single person in isolation. When there is pathology in the family, the individual is shaped by that dysfunctional system and tends to show compromised functioning in both social interactions and personal, inner life. This is why the person is described as socially and emotionally (individually) disadvantaged—the family’s emotional climate and patterns of interaction dampen the person’s ability to function well in relationships and to regulate emotions.

The other options don’t fit this framework. Economic status isn’t the focus of Bowenian pathology, so being economically advantaged isn’t the point. Being unaffected or emotionally secure would contradict the idea that the individual is shaped by and hampered by a troubled family emotional system.